Effects of different fertilization sources on Olea europaea (Oleraceae): Impact on olives and oil yield and quality. Considerations on environmental sustainability and soil use. A review

Mariano Andrés Busso; Liliana G. Suñer; Roberto A. Rodríguez

doi:10.30550/j.lil/2022.59.2/2022.08.23

Autores/as

Mariano Andrés Busso Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-6609
Liliana G. Suñer Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2204-9289
Roberto A. Rodríguez Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4055-9373

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30550/j.lil/2022.59.2/2022.08.23

Palabras clave:

Aceite, fertilización, olivos, polifenoles, rendimiento

Resumen

Esta revisión (1) destaca la importancia del crecimiento de olivos en el sudoeste de Buenos Aires, Argentina, y de diferentes (2) formas de fertilización en la determinación de varias propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y químicas de las plantas, del rendimiento de aceitunas, y del rendimiento y calidad del aceite, y (3) parámetros de calidad del aceite. Los cultivos de cobertura pueden beneficiar las propiedades del suelo. Los abonos orgánicos al suelo pueden mejorar las propiedades físicas y biológicas de las plantas y del suelo, y permiten un mejor desarrollo y longevidad de raíces, y de absorción de nutrientes. Los cultivos orgánicos pueden incrementar el rendimiento y calidad del aceite en comparación a los tratamientos no orgánicos. La fertilización foliar puede ser un sistema muy eficiente para abastecer N, P y K a los árboles de olivo. Sin embargo, se necesitan varias aplicaciones para satisfacer las necesidades de la cosecha. El rendimiento de los olivos disminuye significativamente cuando la fertilización con N del suelo es eliminada por varios años consecutivos en comparación a la fertilización producida anualmente. La excesiva fertilización con nutrientes puede producir varios efectos negativos desde el punto de vista ambiental. La fertilización del suelo con P podría no ser necesaria debido al sistema radical extensivo del árbol de olivo. Los frutos del olivo tienen un alto requerimiento de K por lo que grandes cantidades de K son removidas cada año con la cosecha; sin embargo, la fertilización con diferentes niveles de K tuvo efectos despreciables en la calidad del aceite. Los parámetros de calidad del aceite se asocian mayormente con las concentraciones de N en hojas y frutos. El contenido de fenoles en el aceite disminuyó linealmente en función del incremento de N en las hojas, indicando una competencia entre la síntesis de proteínas y compuestos fenólicos.

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