Biochemical and physiological mechanisms allowing olive trees to survive and produce under water stress conditions

Mariano A. Busso

doi:10.30550/j.lil/1711

Autores/as

Mariano A. Busso Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS); Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Bahía Blanca, Argentina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7393-6609

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30550/j.lil/1711

Palabras clave:

Olea europaea, sequía, estrés hídrico, mecanismos de resistencia

Resumen

Las propiedades benéficas de los frutos comestibles del olivo (Olea europaea L.) y su aceite han tenido un rol importante en nuestra dieta. Las regiones árida y semiárida donde se produce el olivo están usualmente caracterizadas por condiciones severas de verano, incluyendo poca lluvia, calor excesivo y alta irradiación a menudo diariamente. Entre los constituyentes del estrés durante el verano, el estrés hídrico es usualmente el más crítico, aunque el mismo es altamente exacerbado por los otros. Bajo condiciones severas de estrés hídrico, un cultivar de cualquier árbol de olivo puede necesitar mecanismos bioquímicos y fisiológicos específicos que le permitan sobrevivir y ser productivo. Se conoce bien que estos mecanismos de resistencia al estrés hídrico generalmente actúan simultáneamente. De todas formas, la adaptación al estrés hídrico integra mucho más que el concepto de resistencia al mismo (dado por mecanismos que permiten el escape, o la evitación y/o tolerancia al estrés hídrico). La capacidad de recuperación también juega un rol fundamental en el crecimiento y supervivencia de las plantas. Esto toma especial importancia cuando las plantas están continuamente expuestas durante su vida a ciclos repetidos de estrés hídrico y niveles adecuados de agua después del mismo. Aunque se considera que la estrés hídrico es el principal factor estresante, otros como el calor y la alta irradiancia, especialmente en asociación mutua, también reducen las funciones de la planta. Como resultado, diferentes mecanismos de resistencia son adoptados por la vegetación terrestre. Esta revisión resume cada uno de estos mecanismos.

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Citas

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