Revisión: el rol del torpor y la hibernación en la supervivencia de los murciélagos

Daniela  Miotti; Carlos Agustín  Varela Roig; Ana Sofía  Dip

doi:10.30550/j.azl/2466

Autores/as

Daniela Miotti Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-9861
Carlos Agustín Varela Roig Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3659-1379
Ana Sofía Dip Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0276-0704

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30550/j.azl/2466

Palabras clave:

Chiroptera, termorregulación, letargo, metabolismo energético, reproducción

Resumen

Los murciélagos enfrentan un constante desafío energético debido a su pequeño tamaño corporal, el elevado costo del vuelo, la variabilidad estacional de la temperatura y la disponibilidad de alimento. En este contexto, el torpor y la hibernación constituyen estrategias heterotérmicas que permiten reducir la temperatura corporal, la tasa metabólica y el consumo de oxígeno, favoreciendo la conservación de energía en condiciones ambientales adversas. El presente trabajo revisa el rol de estas estrategias en la supervivencia de los murciélagos, con énfasis en sus implicancias fisiológicas, reproductivas, conductuales y morfológicas. Sintetiza evidencias que muestran que el uso del letargo no se restringe a especies de zonas templadas del hemisferio norte, sino que también ocurre en murciélagos tropicales, subtropicales y del hemisferio sur, incluyendo registros recientes en Sudamérica. También analiza la interacción entre termorregulación y reproducción, destacando que el torpor puede coexistir con la gestación y la lactancia, modular los tiempos reproductivos y favorecer la sincronización de nacimientos con períodos de mayor disponibilidad de recursos. Además, revisa la importancia de la selección de refugios, la termorregulación social y el comportamiento gregario como mecanismos complementarios de ahorro energético. Finalmente, se aborda el papel del tejido adiposo marrón en el recalentamiento posterior al letargo y sus posibles vínculos con la reproducción y la inmunidad. En conjunto, la evidencia disponible indica que el torpor y la hibernación son estrategias plásticas y multifuncionales, cuyo estudio resulta clave para comprender la ecología fisiológica de los murciélagos.

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