L. Trierveiler-Pereira: Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from Brazil: New records

108

Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves

9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Recibido: 25/01/14 – Aceptado: 04/04/14

Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from

Brazil: New records and distributional data

Abstract — Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. 2014. “Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, As-

comycota) from Brazil: New records and contributions to distributional data”. Lilloa 51 (1).

Six species of ascomycetes are described and illustrated herein: Trichocoma paradoxa (Euro-

tiales), Moelleriella verruculosa (Hypocreales), Galiella spongiosa (Pezizales), Entonaema lique-

scens, Xylaria magnoliae var. microspora, and X. poitei (Xylariales). Xylaria poitei is reported

for the first time from Brazil, and additional data on the distribution of the other species are

presented.

Keywords: Brazilian fungi, fungal taxonomy, Neotropics, Xylariaceae.

Resumen — Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. 2014. “Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, As-

comycota) de Brasil: nuevos registros y datos de distribución de las especies”. Lilloa 51 (1).

Seis especies de ascomicetes son descriptas e ilustradas en este trabajo: Trichocoma para-

doxa (Eurotiales), Moelleriella verruculosa (Hypocreales), Galiella spongiosa (Pezizales), Entonae-

ma liquescens, Xylaria magnoliae var. microspora, y X. poitei (Xylariales). Xylaria poitei es re-

gistrada por la primera vez en Brasil, y se presentan datos adicionales de las otras especies.

Palabras clave: hongos brasileños, Neotrópico, taxonomía de hongos, Xylariaceae.

INTRODUCTION

Although the diversity of Brazilian macro-

scopic, non-lichenized ascomycetes is very

high, this group of fungi has received little

attention during the last decades. The few

recent studies on the taxonomy of Brazilian

macroscopic ascomycetes have emphasized

xylarioid fungi (Pereira et al., 2008a, b,

2009, 2010; Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2008a,

2009, 2012; Yuyama et al., 2013); but there

are also some publications on Geoglossaceae

(Trierveiler-Pereira and Bezerra, 2011), He-

lotiaceae (Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2008b),

and Morchellaceae (Cortez et al., 2004).

Moreover, there are some checklists were

species of macroscopic ascomycetes were

reported (e.g. Sobestiansky, 2005; Meijer,

2006; Forzza et al., 2010).

The aim of this study is to contribute to

the knowledge of Ascomycetes in Brazil,

therefore, six species are described and illus-

trated herein.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The examined specimens were collected

mainly in the Southern Region of Brazil, in

the States of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná.

One specimen was gathered in the State of

Paraíba, located in the Northeastern Region

of Brazil.

The specimens were slowly dried at low

temperature (about 40ºC) on an electric dry-

er, and later analyzed macro and microscop-

ically according to traditional techniques

used in taxonomic studies of ascomycetes.

The color codes used in the descriptions re-

fers to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978).

Vouchers are kept at ICN and FLOR (Thiers,

2011).

Lilloa 51 (1): 108–115, 2014

108

Lilloa 51 (1): 108–115, 2014

109

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

EUROTIALES

Trichocoma paradoxa Jungh., Praem. Fl.

Crypt. Javae Ins. I: 9. 1838.

Fig. 1A–C, 3A

Ascomata with a cupuliform, woody, ste-

rile base, 4–10 mm high x 7–11 mm diam.,

yellowish brown (5F6); fertile portion brush-

like, cylindrical, conical to fusiform, 8–19

mm high x 4–9 mm diam. at the base, ini-

tially covered with a yellow powder (2A7),

then light brown (5D5),

Asci subglobose, 11–17 µm in diam., as-

cospores abundant, yellowish, sugblobose to

broadly ellipsoid, 5–7(–8) x 5(–6) µm,

rough, ornamented with isolated warts and

interconnecting ridges; fertile portion com-

posed of parallel hyphae, hyaline to yellow-

ish, frequently branched, < 2 µm wide.

Habitat.— Growing abundantly on a

mossy trunk of a standing living tree.

Studied material.— BRAZIL. State of Rio

Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula,

CPCN Pró-Mata, 26-VI-2010, Trierveiler-

Pereira LTP 02/2010 (ICN 176502); ibid.,

08-XI-2010, Trierveiler-Pereira & Baltazar

LTP 37/2010 (ICN 176503); FLONA São

Francisco de Paula, 21-05-2011, Trierveiler-

Pereira LTP 09/2011 (ICN 176504).

Comments.— This species is commonly

known as «shaving brush fungus» due to its

morphological aspect: asci and ascospores

are originated in a dense capillitium-like

mass of tissue (Malloch and Cain, 1972), the

latter usually being covered with a sulfur

yellow powder consisting of spores. It is a

monotypic genus (Gerald and Kimbrough,

1980; Kirk et al., 2008), widespread in trop-

ical and subtropical regions (Calonge et al.,

2006). In Brazil T. paradoxa was previously

reported from the State of Minas Gerais

(Dodge, 1929), located in the Southeastern

Region of Brazil. Dodge (1929) related that

the Brazilian collection has much smaller

and smoother basidiospores than other col-

lections, but our specimens agree with the

description for the species available in liter-

ature. This is the first report of the species

from the Southern Region of Brazil.

HYPOCREALES

Moelleriella verruculosa (Möller) P. Chaver-

ri & K.T. Hodge, Stud. Mycol. 60: 64.

2008.

≡ Hypocrella verruculosa Möller, Bot. Mitt.

Trop. 9: 157. 1901.

Fig. 1D–E, 3B

Stromata centrally attached to substra-

tum, semiglobose, 5–6 mm high x 10–14

mm diam., grayish brown (7D3) to dark

brown (8F4), stromatal surface entirely

punctate by the blackish ostioles, in transver-

sal section compact, yellowish white (1A2)

to grayish yellow (1B3), except for an oran-

ge line (6C6) near the surface delineating

the completely immersed perithecia; perithe-

cia cylindrical to lageniform, long rostrate,

< 0.8 mm high x 0.5 mm diam.

Asci cylindrical, < 370 × 30 µm, hya-

line, with thickened perforated apical tip;

ascospores filiform and as long as the ascus,

disarticulating inside the ascus, forming

many part-ascospores; part-ascospores short

cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid, 15–18 ×

4–7 µm, hyaline, multiguttulate.

Habitat.— Solitary on native bamboo

stem.

Studied material.— BRAZIL. State of Rio

Grande do Sul, Derrubadas, Parque Estadual

do Turvo, 28-X-2010, Trierveiler-Pereira LTP

23/2010 (ICN 176505); ibid., 31-X-2010,

Trierveiler-Pereira LTP 30/2010 (ICN

176506).

Comments.— Stromata of M. verruculosa

are exclusively found on native bamboo, but

surprisingly, it is an entomopathogenic spe-

cies according to literature (Hywel-Jones

and Samuels, 1998; Chaverri et al., 2008).

Möller (1901) described the species with

smaller asci (270–300 µm in length) and

smaller part-ascospores (12–15 × 3–5 µm).

Unfortunately, comparison with the type

specimen is not possible, since it was lost

with the destruction of the Herbarium B

(Berlin). In Brazil, M. verruculosa was re-

L. Trierveiler-Pereira: Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from Brazil: New records

110

ported from Blumenau (type locality, located

in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina)

and from the State of Rio Grande do Sul

(Theissen, 1911), but according to Petch

(1921), Theissen’s record corresponds to a

verrucose form of H. phyllogena (Mont.)

Fig. 1. A–G) Ascomycetes from Brazil. A–C) Trichocoma paradoxa (ICN 176503). D–E)

Moelleriella verruculosa (ICN 176506). F–G) Galiella spongiosa (ICN 176507, ICN 176508).

Scale bars: A–E = 0.5 cm; F–G = 1.0 cm.

Lilloa 51 (1): 108–115, 2014

111

Chaverri & K.T. Hodge. If Petch is right, the

specimen examined in this study would be

the first record of M. verruculosa from the

State of Rio Grande do Sul.

PEZIZALES

Galiella spongiosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)

Pfister, J. Agric. Univ. P. Rico 58 (3): 363.

1974.

≡ Rhizina spongiosa Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J.

Bot. Linn. Soc. 10: 364. 1869.

Fig. 1F–G, 3C

Aphotecia discoid to cupuliform, 3–7

mm high x 13–38 mm diam., sessile, centra-

lly attached to substratum, margin involute.

Hymenial surface orange gray (6B2) to light

orange (5A4), smooth, < 0.4 mm in trans-

versal section when dried; abhymenial surfa-

ce tomentose, covered with dense tufts of

blackish hairs < 0.2 mm high. Context gela-

tinous and blackish when fresh, drying hard

and whitish.

Asci narrowly cylindrical, > 400 × 13

µm, hyaline, thick-walled, 8-spored; as-

cospores uniseriate, long ellipsoid to fusi-

form, 35–47 x 13–19 µm, hyaline, finely ver-

rucose, multiguttulate, thick-walled, wall <

2 µm thick. Paraphyses 2–3 µm wide, hya-

line, septate, apices rounded.

Habitat.— Solitary or in small groups on

dead stems and twigs of dicotyledonous

trees.

Studied material.— BRAZIL. State of Rio

Grande do Sul, Derrubadas, Parque Estadual

do Turvo, 28-X-2010, Trierveiler-Pereira LTP

22/2010 (ICN 176507); ibid., 29-X-2010,

Trierveiler-Pereira LTP 24/2010, 25/2010,

26/2010, 27/2010 (ICN 176508, 176509,

176510, 176511).

Additional studied material.— BRAZIL.

State of Rio Grande do Sul, São Leopoldo,

1908, Rick (PACA–FR 15280); 1931, Rick

(PACA – FR 14755, 14756).

Comments.— This species is easily recog-

nized in the field due its large apothecia with

a bright orange hymenial layer (when fresh)

and a tomentose, blackish abhymenial

surface. The ascospores seem to have a

smooth surface using an ordinary microscope

the delicate ornamentation is only discernible

in cotton blue reagent. As noticed by Meijer

(2008), immature spores are oblong to

sugblobose, very different from the mature

ones. The species was found abundantly in

the surveyed area in the northwestern region

of Rio Grande do Sul (in a large remnant of

Deciduous Atlantic Forest), always on small

stems or twigs of dicotyledonous trees, al-

though the species has also been reported

from bamboo (Meijer, 2008). Specimens kept

at Herbarium PACA [as Sarcosoma spongio-

sum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Le Gal] where

collected in São Leopoldo, in the northeastern

region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul

(Ombrophilous Atlantic Forest).

XYLARIALES

Entonaema liquescens Möller, Bot. Mitt.

Trop. 9: 307. 1901.

Fig. 2A, 3D

Stromata sugblobose, hemisphaerical,

spatuliform to irregular in shape, 5–42 mm

high x 7–55 mm diam., attached to substra-

tum by a narrow base, stromatal surface

pastel yellow (1A4, 2A4) to greenish yellow

(1A6) when fresh, grayish orange (5B5) to

orange (6A7) when dried, easily removed

when fresh, exposing a thin black layer be-

low, sparsely punctate from the few blackish

ostioles; stromata internally gelatinous when

not completely mature, filled with watery

solution when mature.

Asci not observed; ascospores ellipsoid-

inequilateral, 11–13 x 5.5–7 µm, dark

brown, germ slit inconspicuous, dorsal,

straight, running less than full length of the

spore.

Habitat.— Solitary or gregarious on rot-

ten dicotyledonous wood.

Studied material.— BRAZIL. State of

Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do

Iguaçu, 13-XII-2010, Trierveiler-Pereira LTP

38/2010 (ICN 176512); Céu Azul, Parque

Nacional do Iguaçu, 14-XII-2010, Trierveiler-

Pereira LTP 39/2010 (ICN 176513).

Comments.— This xylarioid species is

easily recognized in the field since its ligni-

colous stromatum is externally bright sulfur

L. Trierveiler-Pereira: Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from Brazil: New records

112

yellow and internally filled with a watery

liquid. Asci were not observed in the exam-

ined specimens, but according to Rogers

(1981) they are deliquescent in an early

stage. The species has a pantropical-subtrop-

ical distribution (Rogers, 1981; Stadler et

al., 2008) and in Southern Brazil it was re-

ported from the States of Santa Catarina

(Möller, 1901), Rio Grande do Sul (Theissen,

1911; Stadler et al., 2004), and also Paraná,

where a collection from the central part of

the State was identified as E. cf. liquescens

(Meijer, 2006).

Xylaria magnolia var. microspora

J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Whalley, Sydowia

54 (1): 96. 2002.

Fig. 2B, 3E

Stromata with fertile part cylindrical to

irregularly cylindrical, branched or entire,

with sterile apices, 17–38 mm high × 1–2

mm diam., blackish, tomentose, roughened

from perithecial contours; internally white,

not becoming hollow; stipe velvety to tomen-

tose, 15–30 mm high × 1-5 mm diam., blac-

kish. Perithecia mammiform, superficial or

more or less immersed, < 0.5 mm diam.,

ostioles black.

Asci cylindrical, 95–150 × 3–4 µm,

eight-spored, apical ring cylindrical, 1–2 µm

high × 1–1.5 µm broad, turning dark blue

in Melzer’s reagent; ascospores navicular, 9–

11 × 2–3 µm, yellowish, germ slit inconspic-

uous, straight.

Habitat.— Growing gregarious on fallen

fruits of Talauma ovata A. St.-Hil. (Magnoli-

aceae).

Studied material.— BRAZIL. State of Rio

Grande do Sul, Dom Pedro de Alcântara, 11-

VI-2010, Trierveiler-Pereira LTP 16/2010

(ICN 176501).

Fig. 2. A–C) Ascomycetes from Brazil. A) Entonaema liquescens (ICN 176513). B) Xylaria

magnolia var. microspora (ICN 176501). C) X. poitei (FLOR, MAN 496, photograph by M.

A. Neves). Scale bars: A–B = 2.0 cm; C = 4.0 cm.

Lilloa 51 (1): 108–115, 2014

113

Comments.— This is the only Xylaria

species reported from Magnoliaceae in Bra-

zil, although additional taxa are known

from this plant family elsewhere (e.g. X.

jaliscoensis F. San Martín, J.D. Rogers &

Y.M. Ju). Xylaria magnolia var. microspora

is morphologically similar to X. ianthinove-

lutina (Mont.) Fr., but the latter has brown

ascospores and grows on leguminous fruits.

The present taxon was reported for the first

time from Brazil by Trierveiler-Pereira et al.

(2009) from the State of Santa Catarina, also

on fruits of T. ovata. This is the first record

from the State of Rio Grande do Sul.

Xylaria poitei (Lév.) Fr., Nova Acta R. Soc.

Sci. Upsal. (Ser. 3) 1 (1):125. 1851.

≡ Sphaeria poitei Lév., Annls Sci. Nat.,

Bot., Sér. 3 3: 40. 1845.

Fig. 2C, 3F

Stromata with fertile part cylindrical to

irregularly cylindrical, entire, more rarely

branched, with round and fertile apices,

Fig. 3. A–F) Ascospores and other microscopic features. A) Trichocoma paradoxa. B) Moe-

lleriella verruculosa. C) Galiella spongiosa. D) Entonaema liquescens. E) Xylaria magnolia var.

microspora. F) X. poitei. Scale bar: 10 µm.

L. Trierveiler-Pereira: Ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from Brazil: New records

114

18.3–31.2 cm total length × 1.8–3.2 cm

diam, dark brown to blackish, smooth,

punctate by the black ostioles; internally

whitish to cream, becoming hollow; stipe

short, 1.8–2.2 cm high × 1.2–2.4 cm wide,

smooth, blackish. Perithecia cylindrical to

globose, immersed, up to 1 mm in diam.,

blackish.

Asci cylindrical, > 180 × 5 µm, eight-

spored, apical ring cylindrical, urn-shaped

to inverted hat-shaped, 3–4 µm high × 3 µm

broad, turning dark blue in Melzer’s reagent;

ascospores ellipsoid-inequilateral, 13–16 ×

4.5–6 µm, dark brown, uni to biguttulate,

germ slit conspicuous, straight, running full

length of the spore.

Habitat.— Growing on rotten dicotyle-

donous wood.

Studied material.— BRAZIL. State of

Paraíba, João Pessoa, Jardim Botânico, 01-

IX-2009, M.A. Neves MAN 496 (FLOR).

Comments.— Xylaria poitei is one of the

largest species of Xylaria (Rogers and Cal-

lan, 1986) and it has been reported from

tropical and subtropical America, Africa,

and Asia (Dennis, 1956; Rogers, 1984; Patil

et al., 2012). Xylaria herculea (Miq.)

Cooke also has large stromata, but its as-

cospores are larger: 20–24 x 6–8 µm (Pan-

de and Wainganker, 2001). Xylaria hercules

Speg., described from northern Argentina,

is a synonym of X. poitei (Dennis, 1956;

Rogers, 1984). A comparison among Xylar-

ia species with large stromata (10–35 cm

long) is presented by Pande and Waingank-

er (2001). This is the first report of X. poi-

tei from Brazil.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am very grateful to Dr. Andrea I. Rome-

ro for her patience, encouragement, and tea-

chings on the taxonomy of ascomycetes –

this article is dedicated to her. I am grateful

indebted to Dr. Maria Alice Neves, for put-

ting her collection and photograph of X. poi-

tei at my disposal; Dr. Prisicila Chaverri for

helping in the identification of M. verruculo-

sa; and colleagues who helped during the

field expeditions. André A.R. de Meijer is

acknowledged for valuable improvements on

the first draft of this manuscript.

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